동신대학교

초록/요약

Robert Owen's Village of Unity and Mutual Co-operation and Charles Fourier's Phalanstere, which were the representative ideas for city-planning since the Industrial Revolution, were oriented for the changes in the economy, society and culture during their times. They were designated to overcome issues such as the destruction of the past order which resulted from newly-introduced economic systems, environmental problems caused by the cityward tendency of the population, and problems resulted from the subordinate relationship between capital and labor. They were theoretically based on the ideal of Socialism. As a planning philosophy for the ideal city, they proposed to supplement the distorted industrial structure of a city with a self-sufficient policy consisting of agriculture and small-sized manual industries. For this purpose, the whole city should be considered as one community in production and consumption. With regard to the overall arrangement model, buildings were supposed to be placed in the symmetric frame, whose model can be called centralization pattern. The public facilities were located in the center and were surrounded with the dwelling complexes appearing as a type of collective residence. Technologically, Owen used a central heating system and Fourier experimented with a glass roof, which was regarded as a new technology at that time. Their utopian proposals based on ideal socialism were quite aggressive and imaginary, thus they did not come true. Nevertheless, they have played a role as a sample (or model) of city-planning, so far due to the idea of the association of city and rural town, the residence patterns of laborers, and also the management of a cooperative. In reality, Robert Owen's Village of Unity and Mutual Co-operation had an influence on E. Howard's Garden City and New Town of England, and Charles Fourier's Phalanstere had an effect of Tony Garnier's La Cite＇ Industrielle and Le Corbusier. Moreover, their collective residence pattern has been expected to be one of the most positive models of the modern new city.