중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 단어단위 분석에 의한 조음음운 특성
Articulatory and Phonological Characteristics of North Korean Immigrant Children in the Whole-Word Analysis
초록/요약
<Abstract> Articulatory and Phonological Characteristics of North Korean Immigrant Children in the Whole-Word Analysis The purpose of this study is to improve articulation ability, which is one of the common problems experienced by children from North Korean immigrant family in bilingual environment, by analyzing the articulation in overall, instead of focusing on each individual segment. The subjects of the study are the children who have North Korean defector mother and Chinese father. There are twelve subjects in total, half female and half male, and they all speak Chinese in their native language, and the length duration of their residence in Korea ranges from one month to three and a half years. All subjects are reported by their parents or teachers as not having any issue with hearing, oral structure, and cognitive function. One hundred and three words are used in this study and they are selected from the Korean Standardized Phonological Precision Test (authored by Dong Il Seok, 2006) and the Korean Phonological Articulation Test (authored by Young Tae Kim, 2004). The subjects were instructed to name three different pictures, and the subjects’ articulation was recorded by SAFA-S15 digital recorder. When subjects had difficulty in naming the picture or were requested to repeat the articulation, the researcher performed one-time repetitive modeling. In order to study the differences in segmented vocabulary among the subjects grouped by gender and residency period, the researcher analyzed Proportion of Whole-Word Correctness, Phonological of Whole-Word complexity, Proportion of Whole-Word intelligibility, Proportion of Whole-Word Variability as provided by Ingram(2002). An independent sample t-test was conducted to investigate the differences between groups by gender and residency period. Pearson correlation method was used to investigate the correlation between word segment measurement types and SPSS for windows 22.0 was used to process the statistical analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, the subjects’ gender and duration of residence did not have a significant correlation with Proportion of Whole-Word Correctness, Phonological of Whole-Word complexity, Proportion of Whole-Word intelligibility and Proportion of Whole-Word Variability. A long period of residence and extensive learning do not necessarily improve communication and articulation skills in articulating the words that not exist in the subjects’ native language. Therefore, this result suggests that systematic articulation treatment is needed to improve these problems in articulation. Second, there is a significant correlation in Proportion of Whole-Word Correctness, Phonological of Whole-Word complexity and Proportion of Whole-word intelligibility as to the word measurement used by North Korean children from immigrant family. There was no correlation between Proportion of Whole-Word Variability and other types of analysis. This result indicates that Proportion of Whole-Word Correctness, Phonological of Whole-Word complexity, and Proportion of Whole-Word intelligibility can be used to understand the characteristics of North Korean children from immigrant family. Although twelve subjects were studied in this study, there is a need to conduct subsequent study with more subjects and those with longer period of residence in Korea.
more초록/요약
<국문초록> 중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 단어단위 분석에 의한 조음음운특성 본 연구는 중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 이중언어환경으로 인해 발생한 문제점의 하나인 조음음운능력을 향상시키기 위하여 현재까지의 조음음운 습득의 주목적인 분절단위 습득이 아닌 단어 전체적인 정조음을 목표로 하는 단어단위 분석을 통한 조음음운특성을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 어머니가 북한이탈주민이고, 아버지는 중국인이며 중국에서 중도입국한 북한이탈주민가정 자녀로 입국 전 중국어를 주언어로 사용하였고, 한국 거주기간은 1개월에서 3년 6개월인 12명(남학생 6명 여학생 6명)으로 선정하였다. 또한 이들은 부모나 교사의 보고에 의하여 청력, 구강구조 및 인지기능에 문제가 없다고 보고되었다. 본 연구에서 사용한 검사단어는 103개로 한국어표준그림 조음음운 정밀검사와 우리말조음음운검사를 참고로 선정하였다. 검사방법은 그림을 제시하고 단어를 명명하도록 하였으며, 분석을 위하여 전체 3회 명명하도록 하였다. 대상자의 발음은 SAFA-S15 디지털녹음기로 수집하고 전사하여 분석되었다. 이때 검사에 어려움을 보이거나 수정 발화의 필요함이 요구될 때 연구자는 1회 반복발화 모델링을 하였다. 연구대상자의 성별, 거주기간별 조음음운특성을 알아보기 위하여 Ingram(2002)이 제시한 단어단위 분석법을 이용하여 단어단위정확율, 단어단위복잡률, 단어단위명료도율, 단어단위변화율을 분석하였다. 분석결과는 독립표본 t-검정을 실시하여 성별, 거주기간별 집단 간 차이를 알아보았다. 단어단위 측정유형 간 상관관계를 알아보기 위하여 Pearson 상관관계를 이용하였다. 모든 통계처리 분석은 SPSS for windows 22.0을 이용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 단어단위정확율, 단어단위복잡률, 단어단위명료도율, 단어단위변화율을 성별 및 거주기간별로 비교한 결과 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 거주기간이 길고 한국어의 학습량 및 환경노출이 많이 되었다고 하여도 이들의 의사소통과 조음음운능력이 향상되는 것은 아니며 제1언어인 모국어에서 실현되지 않는 음에 대한 정조음이 어렵다는 것을 나타낸다. 따라서 이들의 조음음운상의 문제점을 보완할 체계적인 조음음운 치료가 요구됨을 시사한다. 둘째, 중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀들의 단어단위 측정 유형 간 상관관계는 단어단위복잡률과 단어단위정확율, 단어단위복잡률과 단어단위명료도율, 단어단위정확율과 단어단위명료도율에서 서로 유의한 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 단어단위변화율은 다른 단어단위 측정 유형과 통계적으로 유의미하지 않다고 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 보았을 때 단어단위정확율과 단어단위복잡률, 단어단위정확율과 단어단위명료도율은 중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 조음음운특성을 파악하는데 적합하게 이용할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 북한 이탈주민가정 자녀 12명을 대상으로 연구를 실시하였으나, 후속연구에서는 이를 보완한 더 많은 수의 대상자별 대상으로 한 연구가 필요하다. 또한 장기적인 거주기간에 따른 연구를 실시할 것을 제언한다.
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목 차
Ⅰ. 서 론 ···································································1
1. 연구의 필요성 ······························································1
2. 연구 문제 ·································································4
3. 용어 정의 ·································································5
Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 ····························································8
1. 북한이탈주민 ······························································8
2. 중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 특성···························8
3. 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 조음음운특성·····························11
4. 한국어와 중국어의 조음음운특성······································12
5. 단어단위 분석·····························································16
Ⅲ. 연구 방법 ·····························································19
1. 연구 대상 ·································································19
2. 평가 도구 및 절차························································20
3. 자료 분석 ·································································20
4. 결과 처리 ·································································22
5. 신뢰도 ·································································22
Ⅳ. 연구 결과 ···················································23
1. 중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 단어단위 분석에 의한 조음음운특성··23
2. 중도입국 북한이탈주민가정 자녀의 단어단위 측정유형 간 상관관계...30
Ⅴ. 논의 및 결론················································32
참고문헌 ··········································································37
Abstract ········································································41
<부록-1> 단어단위 검사 단어 목록········································44